Modal interchange is a technique used during music composition that involves creating a chord progression using chords from parallel major & minor keys.
Parallel means that the two scales used in modal interchange simply share the root note. At this point it's worth mentioning the difference between parallel & relational keys. An example of parallel keys is C major scale & the C minor scale, whereas an example of relational keys is the C major scale & the A minor scale. So it's important to note that modal interchange involves the use of parallel keys only.
Why?
Well, relational keys means the two scales are related by the use of sharing exactly the same notes. So the notes in C major scale are: C, D, E, F, G, A, B, & the notes in A minor scale are: A, B, C, D, E, F, G. As the notes are the same the chords are the same. So only parallel scales are used such as C major & C minor scales.
An example of modal interchange could be where a song in a major key borrows chords from a parallel minor key, (recap: scales that share the root note only) this means that your chord progressions will make use of two totally un-related sets of chords; where one set of chords available will belong to let’s say the:
C major family (C, Dm, Em, F, G, Am, Bdim)
& the other set will belong to the:
C minor family (Cm, Ddim, Eb, Fm, Gm, Ab, Bb)
Why use modal interchange when it's easy to create
great music using chords from one scale?
The two main benefits of using modal interchange in composition are:
Larger number of chords available
Greater range in music colour, depth, feel & originality
Yes, using one scale can offer over 70 chords but modal interchange offers a larger blend of colour in your music where you will be able to create a unique sound every time.
In the above example, there are 14 chords to choose your modal interchange chord progression from. Of course there are over 140 chords now available to create modal interchange chord progressions, (covered later in this lesson).
This lesson will look at the three most popular methods of using modal interchange in composition & offer instruction on how to build modal interchange chord progressions at basic, intermediate & advanced levels.
Modal interchange can start in either the major or minor key; it’s totally up to you; so now let's look in detail at all three methods of modal interchange.
How Is Modal Interchange Used?
There are three popular ways in which modal interchange is used, all are covered in this study of modal interchange created & presented by Paul Gronow of Music Maker Guitar Lessons.
Modal Interchange Method #1
The most popular way to use modal interchange is where a song is written in a major key & major chords from the parallel minor key are used. Here’s an example to describe this method.
A great example of this is Hey Joe – Jimi Hendrix, where the song is written in E major scale (using E & A chords) but borrows 3 chords (C, G, D) from the parallel E minor scale.
Let’s have a look at the chords in Hey Joe by Jimi Hendrix with regard to modal interchange. All of the chords are major chords.
C, G, D, A, E
To work out the scales used we must first find out which scale is the tonal centre. In Hey Joe the tonal centre is E major. So Hey Joe by Jimi Hendrix is in the key of E major.
Let’s have a look at the chords formed from the E major scale.
E Major Scale Diatonic Triads:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
E F#m G#m A B C#m D#dim
E Minor Scale Diatonic Triads:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Em F#dim G Am Bm C D
The chords used in Hey Joe by Jimi Hendrix are C, G, D, A, E.
E major scale chords used are: E, A.
E minor scale chords used are: C, G, D.
Notice how the three major chords drawn from the E minor scale are replacing 2 minor chords & the diminished chord from the E major scale:
C#m is replaced by C
G#m is replaced by G
D#dim is replaced by D
In conclusion Hey Joe, is an excellent example of using modal interchange where all chords used in the song are major chords drawn from the E major & E minor scales.
Now it's your turn to create modal interchange chord progressions using this method. Write out the chords of two parallel keys of your choice and then experiment with only using major chords from the minor scale... enjoy.
Modal Interchange Method #2
The second most popular way to use modal interchange in composition is where minor chords from a parallel minor key are borrowed into the chord progressions.
A good example of this is in the chorus of ‘She Loves You’, written by the Beatles, where the C chord is replaced by a Cm. Replacing the 4th chord from the major scale with the 4th chord of the minor scale is a popular replacement & sounds really good. So let’s have a look at the chords in She Loves You by the Beatles as an example of modal interchange.
Let’s have a look at the chords formed from the G major scale.
G major Scale Diatonic Triads
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
G Am Bm C D Em F#dim
G Minor Scale Diatonic Triads
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Gm Adim Bb Cm Dm Eb F
She Loves You, by the Beatles.
The introduction uses: Em, A, C, G. (which is G major with a borrowed A)
The verse uses: G, Em, Bm, D. (Which is all G major scale)
The chorus uses: Em, Cm, D. (which is G major with a borrowed Cm)
The Cm chord has been borrowed from the G minor scale.
The A chord is an added chord as a one off & is not an example of modal interchange. On times songs make use of Pitch Axis, where there is much more artistic licence than in modal interchange. See my lesson in Pitch Axis for further instruction.
Now it's your turn to create modal interchange chord progressions using this method. Write out the chords of two parallel keys of your choice and then experiment with only using minor chords from the minor scale... enjoy.
Modal Interchange Method #3
The third example of using modal interchange in composition is where any chords major or minor are borrowed from any parallel major & minor scale.
This method will be looked at from a theoretical perspective.
An example is, where you write your music in the c major scale then replace one or two of the chords with chords from the c minor scale.
The only link that the two sets of chords have is that they must both share the same tonic in this case the C note.
So let's take on the process of creating a couple of modal interchange chord progressions spanning the levels of difficulty.
Here are a couple of key points that you need to know to use modal interchange.
- You need the major & minor scale templates
- You need to form the two scales from the chromatic scale
- You need to identify as many chords available to you in both scales
So this is what you will be able to do after studying Modal Interchange with Music Maker Guitar Lessons.
You will be able to:
- Create the Chromatic Scale
- Create the C Major Scale
- Create the C Minor Scale
- Form chords from the Major Scale
- Form chords from the Minor Scale
- Write a basic modal interchange chord progression
- Write an intermediate modal interchange chord progression
- Write an advanced modal interchange chord progression
- Play the chord progressions
- Form & play lead riffs & solo’s over the chord progressions
So let’s get started.
Create the Chromatic Scale
Here’s the Chromatic Scale in A.
12 notes
7 natural notes
5 sharp or flat notes
5 of the 7 notes have sharps or flats
2 of the 7 notes don’t have a sharp; B & E
2 of the 7 notes don’t have a flat, C & F
So here's the full chromatic scale starting on an A note:
A Chromatic Scale
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| | A# | | | C# | | D# | | | F# | | G# |
| A | | B | C | | D | | E | F | | G | |
| | Bb | | | Db | | Eb | | | Gb | | Ab |
Create the C Major Scale
Here’s the scale template for C major scale:
Tone, Tone, Semi-Tone, Tone, Tone, Tone, Semi-Tone.
So the C Major Scale will use the following notes:
C D E F G A B C
Create the C Minor Scale
Here’s the scale template for C minor scale:
Tone, Semi-Tone, Tone, Tone, Semi-Tone, Tone, Tone.
So the C Minor Scale will use the following notes:
C D Eb F G Ab Bb C
Form Chords From The C Major Scale
(Basic Level)
Chords formed from the C Major Scale use the 1, 3, 5. Where you play 1 miss 1 play 1 miss 1.
So applying these templates you will have the following chords:
C, Dm, Em, F, G, Am, Bdim.
Where the C major chord is formed from the C major scale using the 1,3,5 chord template.
The C chord is formed using 1, 3, 5,
1 3 5
C, D, E, F, G, A, B,
The Dm chord is formed using 1, 3, 5,
1 3 5
D, E, F, G, A, B, C
The Em chord is formed using 1, 3, 5,
1 3 5
E, F, G, A, B, C, D
The F chord is formed using 1, 3, 5,
1 3 5
F, G, A, B, C, D, E,
The G chord is formed using 1, 3, 5,
1 3 5
G, A, B, C, D, E, F,
The Am chord is formed using 1, 3, 5,
1 3 5
A, B, C, D, E, F, G,
The B diminished chord is formed using 1, 3, 5,
1 3 5
B, C, D, E, F, G, A,
Form Chords From The C Minor Scale
(Basic Level)
Chords formed from the C Minor Scale use the 1, 3, 5. Where you play 1 miss 1 play 1 miss 1.
So applying these templates you will have the following chords:
Cm, Ddim, Eb, Fm, Gm, Ab, Bb.
Where the C minor chord is formed from the C minor scale using the 1, 3, 5 chord template.
The Cm chord is formed using 1, 3, 5,
1 3 5
C, D, Eb, F, G, Ab, Bb,
The Ddim chord is formed using 1, 3, 5,
1 3 5
D, Eb, F, G, Ab, Bb, C,
The Eb chord is formed using 1, 3, 5,
1 3 5
Eb, F, G, Ab, Bb, C, D,
The Fm chord is formed using 1, 3, 5,
1 3 5
F, G, Ab, Bb, C, D, Eb,
The Gm chord is formed using 1, 3, 5,
1 3 5
G, Ab, Bb, C, D, Eb, F,
The Ab chord is formed using 1, 3, 5,
1 3 5
Ab, Bb, C, D, Eb, F, G,
The Bb chord is formed using 1, 3, 5,
1 3 5
Bb, C, D, Eb, F, G, Ab,
Now it's your turn to create modal interchange chord progressions using this method. Write out the chords of two parallel keys of your choice and then experiment... enjoy.
Now move onto the next exercise.
Write A Basic Modal Interchange
Chord Progression
So now you have the C major & C minor scales & their 7 basic chords it's time to create the basic modal interchange chord progression.
Let's keep it simply to begin with.
Let's use a 1, 2, 4 & 5 progression in C major scale.
C, Dm, F, G,
Play these chords using 2 bars on each chord.
C Dm F G
|////|////|////|////|////|////|////|////|
Sounds great but very common so let's apply a little modal interchange.
It's all about experimentation. So let's take the Dm out & place the D dim chord from the C minor scale.
C Ddim F G
|////|////|////|////|////|////|////|////|
Using the D dim chord has brought a darker mood to the progression. Lets now add an Ab chord from the C minor scale.
C Ddim F Ab G
|////|////|////|////|////|////|////|////|
So that's the basic modal interchange chord progression set up, now it's time to think about playing lead guitar riffs over the progression.
Lead guitar riffs can be based around the notes of the chord played.
So play the notes shown above over the chord.
For example, when a c chord is played play notes C, E & G.
So using this idea, see below for the notes you can choose from.
It's good to find the note or notes that are different like an E or Eb or A or Ab or B or Bb.
Rhythm Guitar Plays C chord Lead Plays, C, E, G, notes.
Continue the idea...
Experienced Modal Interchange
Chord Progression
This modal interchange chord progression is based on the C Ionian Mode & borrows 2 chords from the C Aeolian Mode. It may sound a little odd at first but once you start to play the chords & lead riffs over them, you will hear the switch between the Major upbeat feel the the Minor darker feel when the chords from the C Aeolian Mode are being played.
Strange but this can be effective & so easy to do.
Your Task:
Work through each chord & learn to play the chord progression smoothly, then try to create a few lead riffs using notes found in each of the chords.
Here's the modal interchange chord progression using C Major Scale & C Minor Scale.
CHORD: Cadd9, CM9, Dm6add9, Em7aug5th, Bdim, Eb11#7, Gm7m9
SCALE: Maj, Maj, Maj, Maj, Maj, min, min,
C Major Scale: C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C
C Minor Scale: C, D, Eb, F, G, Ab, Bb, C
Here's the guitar tab for each of the chords.
Cadd9 CM9, Dm6add9, Em7aug5th, Bdim, Eb11#7, Gm7m9,
8-----10---12-------10---------7-----1-------4---------------
5----------12-------8----------6-----3-------3---------------
7-----9----10-------9----------7-----1-------3---------------
5-----9----12-------10---------------1-------3---------------
5------------------------------------1-------5---------------
------8------------------------------3-------3---------------
C-----D----E--------D----------B-----F-------Ab--------------
E----------B--------G----------F-----D-------D---------------
D-----E----F--------E----------D-----Ab------Bb--------------
G-----B----D--------C----------------Eb------F---------------
D------------------------------------Bb------D---------------
------C------------------------------G-------G---------------
Play 2 bars on each chord. Count 1 2 3 4 = 1 bar.
Cadd9
1234|1234|
CM9
1234|1234|
Dm6add9
1234|1234|
Em7aug5th
1234|1234|
Bdim
1234|1234|
Eb11#7
1234|1234|
Gm7m9
1234|1234|
Advanced Modal Interchange
Chord Progression
Now you have the opportunity to master the ultimate modal interchange challenge from Paul Gronow - Music Maker Guitar Lessons. Below you have over 140 chords from just two scales the C major scale & the C minor scale. All of the chords are formed using just the notes in the two scales.
Now it's time to experiment with these chords to make the unqiue song that's gonna get you noticed... and who knows what!
Enjoy.
Paul Gronow - Music Maker Guitar Lessons
Ionian Mode - The Bigger Picture
The bigger picture is that you have
7 notes in a major scale. You can build many chords from each note of the scale.
Let's put this into action. Let's take the C ionian mode & find C shape chords that can be used in your modal interchange composition:
Here's the notes:
C D E F G A B C
These 7 notes can make a host of chords as follows.
Let's just take the C note as the root note and add notes to it.
Chords in C Ionian Mode that start with a C note
C, Csus2, Csus4, Cadd9, C5, C6, C6add9, Cmaj7, Cmaj9,
8---------8------8----------5---5-------7------10------------
5--3------6------5----------5---5-------5--------------------
5--5------5------7----------5---5-------5------9-------------
5--5------5------5------5---5---5-------5------9-------------
-----------------5------3-------5----------------------------
--------------------------------5--------------8-------------
Cmaj11, Cmaj13, Cmaj7sus4, Cmaj9sus4,
10------10------10---------10--------------------------------
--------10------10---------12--------------------------------
10------9-------10---------10--------------------------------
9-------9-------9----------10--------------------------------
---------------------------10--------------------------------
8-------8-------8--------------------------------------------
All of these C shape chords use notes found in the C major scale that is a combination of C, D, E, F, G, A, B,
The CM13 or C Major 13 for instance uses all 7 notes, (more about this later).
This principle can be used starting from each of the 7 notes in the C major scale, so lets have a look at some of the chords from each note:
Chords in C Ionian Mode that start with a D note
Dm, Dm6, Dm6/9 Dm7, Dm9, Dm/9 Dm11 Dm11, Dm13, Dsus4,
5---10---12----10---12---12---3----------10----10------------
6---10---12----10---10---10---5----8-----12----10------------
7---10---10----10---10---10---5----10----10----12------------
7---9----12----10---10---12---3----10----10----12------------
5--------------12-------------5----------12------------------
5---10---------10---10-------------10----10------------------
Dsus2, D5, D7sus2, D7sus4,
5----------8-------8-----------------------------------------
5----------8-------5-----------------------------------------
7----------7-------7-----------------------------------------
-------7---7-------7-----------------------------------------
-------5-----------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------
Chords in C Ionian Mode that start with an E note
Em, Em7, E7sus4, E5, Em7aug5, Em7m9,
7---7----7-----------10-------10-----------------------------
8---8----5-----------8--------8------------------------------
9---7----7-----------9--------9------------------------------
9---9----7-------9---10-------9------------------------------
7---7------------7------------10-----------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------
Chords in C Ionian Mode that start with an F note
F, Fadd9, F5, F6, F6add9, Fmaj7, Fmaj7dim5, Fmaj9, Fsus2,
1--3----------10--10-------------12---------3------8---------
1--1----------10--10------1------10----------------8---------
2--2----------10--10------2------10---------2------10--------
3--3----------10--10------2------9----------2----------------
3---------3-------10-----------------------------------------
----------1-------10------1-----------------1----------------
Fmaj13, Fmajdim5,
3-------7----------------------------------------------------
3-------10---------------------------------------------------
2-------10---------------------------------------------------
2------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------
1------------------------------------------------------------
Chords in C Ionian Mode that start with a G note
G, Gadd9, G11, Gsus2, Gsus4, G5, G6, G6add9, G7,
3--5------10---10-----3----------12--12----------------------
3--3------10---10-----3----------12--12------8---------------
4--4------10---12-----5----------12--12------10--------------
5--5------10----------5----------12--12------9---------------
5---------10-----------------5-------12------10--------------
----------10-----------------3-------12----------------------
G7sus4, G7add6, G9, G9add6, G11, G13,
3-------3-------10---13------8----12-------------------------
3-------5-------10---12------8----10-------------------------
5-------4-------10---12------10---10-------------------------
3-------3-------9----12------9----9--------------------------
3-------5-------10---12------10---10-------------------------
3-------3------------12--------------------------------------
Chords in C Ionian Mode that start with an A note
A5, Am, Amadd9, Am7, Amaug5, Am9,
----5---7-------5----5-------7-------------------------------
----5---5-------5----6-------5-------------------------------
----5---5-------5----5-------5-------------------------------
----7---7-------5----5-------5-------------------------------
7---7-----------7--------------------------------------------
5---5-----------5------------5-------------------------------
Am11, A7sus4 Asus2, Asus4,
8-----3------12-----5----------------------------------------
8-----3------12-----5----------------------------------------
7-----2------14-----7----------------------------------------
7-----2------14-----7----------------------------------------
7------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------
Chords in C Ionian Mode that start with a B note
Bdim, Bm7b5, Bm7aug5,
7------------7-----------------------------------------------
6-----3------8-----------------------------------------------
7-----2------7-----------------------------------------------
------3------7-----------------------------------------------
------2------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------
Now it's time to have a look at the chords available with the C minor scale or C aeolian mode.
Aeolian Mode - The Bigger Picture
The bigger picture is that you have
7 notes in a C aeolian mode. You can build many chords from each note of the scale.
Let's put this into action. Let's take the C aeolian mode to find C shape chords that can be used in your modal interchange composition:
Here's the notes:
C D Eb F G Ab Bb C
These 7 notes can make a host of chords as follows.
Let's just take the C note as the root note and add notes to it.
Chords in C Aeolian Mode that start with a C note
C5, C7sus4, Cm, Cm7, Cm7aug5, Cm9, Cmadd9, Cm11, Csus2, Csus4,
----6-------8---8----8--------10---10------8-----3------8----
----6-------8---8----9--------8----8-------8-----3------8----
----5-------8---8----8--------8----8-------8-----5------10---
5---5-------10--8----8--------8----10------8------------10---
3-----------10--10------------10-----------8-----------------
------------8---8-------------8------------10----------------
All of these C shape chords use notes found in the C aeolian mode that is a combination of
C, D, Eb, F, G, Ab, Bb, This principle can be used starting from each of the 7 notes in the C Aeolian mode, so lets have a look at some of the chords from each note:
Chords in C Aeolian Mode that start with a D note
Ddim, Dm7dim5, Dm7aug5,
10-------------8---------------------------------------------
9-----6--------6---------------------------------------------
10----5--------7---------------------------------------------
------6--------8---------------------------------------------
------5------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------
Chords in C Aeolian Mode that start with an Eb note
Eb, Eb5, Eb6, Eb6add9, Eb11#7, EbM7, EbM7sus4, EbM9, EbM9sus4.
3--------8----11-------1-------10----10--------13----10------
4--------8----11-------3-------8-----9---------------9-------
3--------8----10-------1-------8-----8---------12----8-------
5---8----8----10-------1-------8-----8---------12----8-------
----6---------10-------1-----------------------------8-------
--------------11-------3-----------------------11------------
EbM11, EbM13, Ebadd9, Ebsus2, Ebsus4,
3------13-----11------6-------11-----------------------------
3------13-----8-------6-------11-----------------------------
1------12-----10------8-------13-----------------------------
1------12-----8---------------13-----------------------------
1-------------8----------------------------------------------
1-----11-----------------------------------------------------
Chords in C Aeolian Mode that start with an F note
F5, Fsus4, Fm, Fm6, Fm6add9, Fm7, Fm9, Fmadd9, Fm11, Fm13,
----11-----1---1----10-------1----3----3-------3-----1-------
----11-----1---3----9--------1----1----1-------1-----3-------
----10-----1---1----10-------1----1----1-------1-----1-------
----10-----3---3----10-------1----1----3-------1-----1-------
3----------3---3----10-------3----3------------1-----3-------
1----------1---1-------------1----1------------1-----3-------
Fsus2, Fsus,
8------1-----------------------------------------------------
8------1-----------------------------------------------------
10-----3-----------------------------------------------------
-------3-----------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------
Chords in C Aeolian Mode that start with a G note
G5, G7sus4, Gm, Gm7, Gm7aug5, Gm7m9, Gsus4,
------3-------3---3----11-------4------3-----------------------
------3-------3---3----8--------3------3-----------------------
------5-------3---3----8--------3------5-----------------------
------3-------5---3----8--------3------5-----------------------
--5---3-------5---5----8--------5------------------------------
--3---3-------3---3-------------3------------------------------
Chords in C Aeolian Mode that start with an Ab note
Ab, Ab5, Ab6, Ab6add9, AbM7, AbM7dim5, AbM9, AbM13, Abadd9,
4--------1----1--------3-----4---------6-----6------6--------
4--------1----1--------1-----3---------------6------4--------
5--------1----1--------1-----5---------5-----5------5--------
6--------1----1--------1-----5---------5-----5------6--------
6---6----3----1--------------3-------------------------------
4---4----1----1--------------3---------4-----4---------------
Absus2, Abdim5,
11------10---------------------------------------------------
11------13---------------------------------------------------
13------13---------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------
Chords in C Aeolian Mode that start with a Bb note
Bb, Bb5, Bb6, Bb6add9, Bb7, Bb7sus4, Bb7add6, Bb7add13, Bb9,
6--------3----3--------4----4--------4--------4---------13---
6--------3----3--------3----4--------3--------3---------13---
7--------3----3--------3----3--------3--------3---------13---
8--------3----3--------3----3--------3--------3---------12---
8---8---------3----------------------5--------5---------13---
6---6---------3----------------------3--------3---------13---
Bb9add6, Bb11, Bb13, Bbadd9, Bbsus2, Bbsus4,
4--------8-----6-----8-------1-------6-----------------------
3--------6-----6-----6-------1-------6-----------------------
3--------7-----5-----7-------3-------8-----------------------
3--------6-----5-----7---------------8-----------------------
3--------6-----5---------------------------------------------
3--------6-----4---------------------------------------------
So there's a comprehensive list of chords that you can play when forming chord progressions using modal interchage.
modal interchange from guitar lessons for beginners
study pitch axis from guitar lessons for beginners
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